Gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy) is performed for a variety of reasons, but the most common reason is the presence of stones in the gallbladder. After surgery, the problem was solved: there is no gallbladder and no stones in it, however, such patients must follow a diet throughout their lives.
Basic diet rules after cholecystectomy
The goals pursued by clinical nutrition after gallbladder removal are:
- creating maximum chemical saving of the liver;
- improving bile secretion;
- ensuring the normal functioning of the liver, biliary tract and the entire gastrointestinal tract.
According to the order of the Ministry of Health, the diet food after cholecystectomy in medical institutions corresponds to the main version of the standard diet (ATD). According to the classification, the diet after removal of the gallbladder is the treatment table no. 5.
Despite some limitations in the treatment table no. 5, the diet should be physiologically balanced, that is, contain the necessary amount of vitamins and minerals.
Daily content of nutrients:
- protein - 85-90 g, of which 45-50 g are proteins of animal origin;
- fats - 70-80 g, of which up to 25-30% are vegetable fats;
- carbohydrates - 300-330 g, and simple sugars - no more than 30-40 g.
The daily caloric content of the treatment chart after gallbladder removal is 2170-2400 kilocalories.
Basic principles of nutrition
- diet. Food should be partial: up to 4-6 times a day, in small portions. Although there is no gallbladder, the bile ducts are preserved and, as a result, they must be emptied in time so that the bile does not get stuck in them. In addition, small portions of food do not burden the liver and other digestive organs, which helps avoid inflammation. It is especially important to eat at the same time: thus, the work of the liver and bile ducts is normalized. Small portions of food prevent the development of obesity, which is of great importance.
- food processing. Food can be steamed, baked or boiled. Microwave cooking should be avoided; multiple ovens and dual boilers are not prohibited. Occasionally, cooking food is allowed. In the first 45 days after surgery, during cutting, the products are crushed and rubbed. This type of culinary food processing provides maximum mechanical saving of the liver and stomach, and also has a beneficial effect on the entire digestive tract.
- food temperature. Dishes are served warm only (15-60 degrees Celsius). Too hot and cold foods cause bile spasms, irritate the stomach and duodenum.
- salt and juice. The use of sodium chloride corresponds to the physiological norm (8-10 grams per day). Exclude salty foods that irritate the gastrointestinal tract and cause fluid stagnation and consequently bile in the body. Fluids should be consumed up to 2 liters per day. 30 minutes before eating, it is recommended to drink 1 glass of non-carbonated alkaline mineral water, which stimulates bile flow.
- alcohol. Drinking alcohol will have to be abandoned (with rare exceptions). Ethyl alcohol causes smooth muscle spasms and increases the tone of the biliary tract. Moreover, in the absence of the gallbladder, only the liver breaks down alcohol, the load on it increases. Systematic use of alcoholic beverages is dangerous not only from the recurrence of previous problems with the gallbladder, but also from the development of cirrhosis of the liver.
- we eat delicious. Every meal should be beautifully arranged: on a table covered with tablecloths, with flowers, in a quiet atmosphere. It is necessary to eat slowly, carefully chewing each portion. This will allow you to get plenty of very moderate portions, which will have a beneficial effect on weight and provide minimal stress on the gastrointestinal tract.
Prohibited Products
First of all, from the diet after removal of the gallbladder, it is necessary to exclude foods high in cholesterol. It is the one that causes thickening and stagnation of the gallbladder and promotes the formation of stones.
Second, since most of the enzymes that break down fats are missing in the bile composition after bladder removal, the consumption of animal (refractory) fats should be limited.
You should also avoid products that improve bile formation and secretion of gastric and duodenal fluids (extracts, spicy dishes, marinades and others). Contraindicated eating foods that stay in the intestine for a long time, causing rot and fermentation, stimulating gas formation.
Consumption of simple carbohydrates should also be limited: they break down easily, raising the level of "bad" cholesterol and are deposited in the form of fat layers.
The list of banned products includes:
- bread made from premium flour, all pastries and fried dough products (pancakes, pancakes, pies, as well as cakes and pastries);
- cooking oil, margarine, lard each:
- rich soups and broths thereof (meat, fish, poultry);
- fatty meats and poultry (goose, duck, pork, lamb), fatty meats;
- fatty fish (mackerel, lime, catfish, burbot, salmon);
- canned meat and fish;
- all sausages;
- liver (kidneys, liver, brain);
- fish caviar;
- sour and bitter vegetables (radish, radish, green onion, spinach, sorrel, daikon);
- fried eggs, egg yolks;
- marinades and pickles;
- smoked meat;
- spices: pepper, mustard, horseradish, vinegar, coriander and others;
- berries and sour fruits;
- ice cream, chocolate, cream products;
- strong tea, coffee, cocoa, carbonated sweet drinks, carbonated mineral waters;
- legumes;
- dishes from public food outlets (pizza, hamburgers).
Approved products
The dishes recommended to be consumed by a person who has undergone cholecystectomy should not be irritating and unnecessarily stimulate the gastrointestinal tract.
It is necessary to use when cooking foods that are rich in pectins and lipotropic substances. Lipotropic substances break down cholesterol, prevent its deposition in the walls of blood vessels (atherosclerosis) and accumulation in the bile, which causes it to thicken. Pectins, on the other hand, gently envelop the mucosa of the digestive tract, prevent the absorption of harmful substances, stimulate intestinal motility and have a healing effect.
In addition, in the clinical diet of the patient after removal of the gallbladder, plant fibers should be included in large quantities. It not only contains vitamins, but also stimulates intestinal motility, preventing bloating, constipation and keeping food masses in it.
We should not forget fermented milk products, because they are sources of valuable animal protein and calcium, contain live bacteria that have a beneficial effect on the intestinal microflora.
The list of allowed products includes:
- yesterday or dried bread, crackers, biscuits, crackers;
- soup in secondary soup, soup in vegetable juice;
- lean meats and poultry (turkey, chicken, beef, rabbit, beef);
- bacon of unsalted and low-fat varieties;
- cereals, crushed and semi-viscous (buckwheat, oats);
- all seafood, as a source of iodine that neutralizes cholesterol;
- lean fish (pike, trout, salmon) as a source of unsaturated fatty acids;
- steamed protein omelette;
- vegetable oils, butter in dishes;
- cottage cheese, kefir, cottage cheese milk, "live" yogurt, unsalted and low-fat cheeses;
- fruits and berries (very sweet and sour in processed form: kisses, foams, jellies, compotes);
- jam, marmalade, chalk;
- fresh greens, tomatoes, cucumbers, sweet peppers, squash, beets, zucchini, potatoes, carrots;
- tea with milk or lemon, weak coffee, alkaline mineral waters, juices and fruit drinks;
- salted salmon, jelly fish, vinegrette, soaked herring, salads with fresh vegetables.
The need for a diet
Following a diet after cholecystectomy allows you to maintain the state of secretion of the liver and gallbladder in optimal condition, normalizes the functioning of the entire digestive tract, prevents the appearance of such unpleasant moments that often occur after removal of the gallbladder, such as bloating. , constipation and soreness in the mouth.
Also, therapeutic nutrition after removal of the gallbladder prevents the development of atherosclerosis, improves the appearance of patients and stabilizes their weight.
Consequences of not following the diet
If the diet is not followed after gallbladder removal, postcholecystectomy syndrome will not last long, which is a collective concept and includes exacerbation of previous digestive tract diseases and the emergence of new ones.
In addition, people who neglect the diet after surgery risk not only their appearance (obesity, hypovitaminosis), but also the health of other body systems.